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Konşimento sözcüğü günlük hayatta pek kullanılmamaktadır. Ancak ticaret, ulaşım ve sigorta sektöründe yaygın şekilde kullanılan konşimento sözcüğü esasında bir terimdir. Konşimento kavramı bu sebeple merak edilmektedir. Konşimento nedir ve çeşitleri nelerdir ? Konşimento, bir kıymetli evraktır. Hukuki bir terim olan "kıymetli evrak" başlığı altında ele alınan konşimento bir taşıma senedidir. Deniz yolu taşımacılığında, bir gemiye teslim edilen yükün alındı belgesine konşimento adı verilmiştir. Konşimento Nedir Ve Çeşitleri Nelerdir? Konşimento sözcüğünün İngilizcesi "billi of lading" dur. Konşimento bir taşıma belgesidir. Türk Ticaret Kanununda düzenlenmiştir. Konşimento veya taşıma senedi, üzerinde yükleyici, alıcı, ihbar merkezinden başlamak üzere her türlü bilginin yer aldığı bir kıymetli evraktır. Herhangi bir yük gemiye yüklendiğinde konşimento ile karşılaşılır. Konşimento, gemiye yüklenilen bir malın teslim alındığını gösteren, gönderenin ve alıcının adlarının yazılı olduğu bir hukuki belgedir. Taşıma belgeleri ya da senetleri 3 çeşittir: Kara Yolu Taşıma Senedi: Uluslararası nitelikteki CMR anlaşmasının hükümlerini kabul eden ülkeler tarafından kullanılan bir karayolu taşıma belgesidir. Taşımanın CMR hükümlerine göre yapıldığını gösterir. Bu konşimento navlun komisyoncusu ya da taşımacılık şirketi tarafından alıcının adına düzenlenir. Kara Yolu Taşıma Senedi, malların belirtilen şartlarla taşınmak üzere ve iyi durumda alındığını gösteren hukuki bir belgedir. Yani taşıma sözleşmesinin yapıldığını gösteren hukuki bir belgedir. Bu belge malları temsil etmediği için ciro edilemez. Hava Yolu Taşıma Senedi: Hava yolu taşımacılığında kullanılan taşıma belgesidir. Deniz Yolu Taşıma Senedi: Deniz yolu taşımacılığında kullanılan taşıma belgesidir. Konşimentonun da kendi içinde farklı çeşitleri bulunmaktadır. Konşimentonun çeşitleri ise şu şekildedir: Short Form Bill's Of Lading: Bu konşimento çeşidinin özelliği taşıma sözleşmesi metninin konşimentonun arka yüzünde yer almasıdır. Container Bills Of Lading: Eğer taşıma konteyner ile yapılıyorsa buna uygun matbu evrak düzenlenir. Liner Bill Of Lading: Bu konşimento çeşidid tarifeli deniz seferi yapan gemilerle yapılan taşımacılıkta kullanılır. Trough Bill Of Lading: Bu konşimento kombine taşımacılık denen bir taşımacılık çeşidinde kullanılır. Eğer taşıma karayolu bağlantılı deniz yolu ve yeniden karayolu şeklinde farklı birden çok taşıma çeşidi ile gerçekleştirilecek ise bu konşimento düzenlenir. Charter Party Bill Of Lading: Bu taşımacılık türünde yükleten ya geminin tamamını ya da bir bölümünü kiralar. İşte bu taşımanın ayrıntılarını ve şarta bağlanan bazı riskleri bu özel sözleşmeye tabidir. Non-Negotiable Bill Of Lading: Ciro edilemeyen bu belge ise doğrudan malın alıcısı adına düzenlenir. Combined Transport Bill Of Lading: Bu konşimento birleşik taşıma konşimentosu olarak da adlandırılır. Tanker Bill Of Lading: Tankerler için kullanılan ve tanker konşimentosu olarak da bilinene çeşididir. Kaptan Makbuzu: Bu makbuz konşimentoya tanzimine kadar malları temsil eden geçici bir belgedir. Konşimento Özellikleri Deniz yolu taşıma senedi olan konşimentonun özelliklerini şu şekilde sıralamak mümkündür: Konşimento bir kıymetli evraktır. Konşimento belirtilen malın mülkiyetini de temsil eden bir belgedir. Konşimento ciro edilebilir. Ciro edilmesiyle konşimentoda belirtilen mal el değiştirir. Konşimento aynı zamanda bir makbuzdur. Malı yükletene verilen, emre ve nama düzenlenebilen ve belge konusu malların taşınmak üzere kabul edildiğini gösteren bir makbuzdur. #Konşimento, malı yükleyen gemi şirketinin ya da onun yetkili acentesinin ya da yükleme limanında acentesi yoksa gemi kaptanının malı yükletene verdiği ve aynı zamanda yükleme kaydı konduğunda da bir taşıma sözleşmesidir. Konşimento 3 nüsha olarak tanzim edilir. Bir nüshası yükletene verilir. İkinci nüshası mallara eşlik eder ve üçüncü nüshası da taşımacıda kalır. Konşimento Türleri 1) Short Form Bill's Of Lading Yukarıda belirtildiği üzere konşimento aynı zamanda bir taşıma sözleşmesidir doğal olarak taşıma şirketinin şartlarını içeren bu sözleşmenin tam metni konşimentoların arka yüzünde küçük puntolu harflerle matbu olarak yer alır. Bu sözleşmeler muhtelif #uluslararası antlaşmalarla belirlenmiştir. Short form #konşimentonun en belirgin özelliği sözleşme metninin belgenin arka yüzünde yerelmasıdır. Arka yüzde yer alması gereken sözleşme metninin kaynağına on yüzde değinilmekle yetinilmiştir bu özelliğinden dolayı bu tür konşimentoya "Blank Back" (arkası bos) konşimento denir. #Akreditifte aksine bir şart yoksa bankalar bu tür konşimentoları kabul eder. 2) #Container Bills Of Lading Konteynır içine mal konularak kapatılan ve gümrükçe mühürlenen hafif metalden yapılma dünya standartlarında belirlenmiş ölçü ve tipleri olan büyük bir kutudur . Taşıma konteynırlarla yapılıyorsa buna uygun matbu formu bulunan konteynır konşimentosu düzenlenir malların gemi şirketince kontrol edilmesi söz konusu olmadığından konşimentodan mala ait ayrıntılar yükletenin beyanına göre yazılır. Bu hususu belirten ibare "Shıpper's Load And Count" şeklindedir. Dolayısıyla konteynırlar ile sevkiyatı alıcı sadece güvendiği satıcılardan kabul etmelidir. 3) Liner Bill of Lading Tarifeli sefer yapan gemilerle yapılan taşımacılıkta kullanılır. #Tarifeli sefer yapan gemilerde kalkış/varış saatleri uğrayacakları #limanlar yanaşacakları limanlara kadar her ayrıntı belirli ve düzenlidir. Ayrıca genellikle bir antlaşmaya taraf olduklarından bu antlaşmanın ortak hüküm ve kolaylıklarından yararlanırlar. Güvenli #taşıma için tercih edilirler. 4) Through Bill of Lading İki liman arasındaki #denizden taşımanın uzantısında kara yolu ile taşıma da varsa (önce karayolu sonra denizyolu) ve tanzim edilen konşimento malın bu tür aktarmalı taşımasını kapsıyorsa buna Through Bill of Lading (tek konşimento) denir. Benzer amaçlar için düzenlenen birleşik taşıma (#Combıned Transport) konşimentoları da vardır. Fakat bunlar navlun komisyoncuları tarafından tanzim olunur ve taşıma süresince demir yolu olmayabilir oysa Through Bill of Lading'de mutlaka denizyolu parkuru bulunur ve belge gemi şirketi veya yetkili acentesi tarafından tanzim edilir. 5) Charter Party Bill of Lading Yükleten geminin tümünü veya bir bölümünü bir sefer için kiraladığında gemi şirketi ile Charter Party sözleşmesi yapar . #Taşımanın ayrıntıları ve şarta bağlanan bazı riskler bu özel sözleşmeye tabıdır. Bu durumda düzenlenen konşimentoya "Subject To Charter Party" kaydı konulur. Sözleşme belirli bir sure için yapılırsa buna "Time Charter" belirli bir sefer için yapılıyorsa da buna "Trip #Charter" sözleşmeleri denir. Bu tür konşimentoların bankalarca kabul edilmesi ancak akreditifte buna izin verilmesi şartıyla mümkündür. Hukuki nedenlerden dolayı bankalar bu tür konşimentoyu içeren vesaiki teminata almakta çekimser davranırlar zira charter party navlun #sözleşmeleri iki taraf arasında yapılan özel bir sözleşmedir. Bu nedenle genel esasların üzerinde olup anlaşmazlık halinde öncelik taşırlar. #Alıcı sözleşme ayrıntılarından haberi olmadığı için herhangi bir sorunda sözleşmenin bir maddesi alıcının aleyhine çalışabilir. #Navlun ödenmediğinde #gemi sahibinin mallara el koyma hakkı vardır. 6) Non-Negotiable Bill of Lading (Ciro Edilemez Konşimento) Bazı durumlarda konşimentolar birkaç el değiştirebilir sonuçta konşimento geminin varışında alıcın eline gelmeyebilir varış limanında malın teslim işleminin gecikmeli olmaması için bazı denizcilik işletmelerince geliştirilen non-negotıable kullanılır. Bu belge doğrudan malın alıcısı adına düzenlenir. Ciro edilemez. Belge temsil ettiği malların alıcıya teslimi sorun yaratmaz. 7) Combined-#Transport Bill of Lading - Birleşik Taşıma Konşimentosu Bu belge birden fazla (Multimodal) taşıma aracı ile gerçekleştirilen ve taşıma sürecinde denizyolu bulunmasında şart olmayan bir taşımaya ait konşimentodur. Navlun komisyoncuları veya adına cto "Combined Trasport Operator" denen işletmecilerce düzenlenir. Normal deniz konşimentolarında görülen yükleme ve boşaltma limanlara ait boşluklar yerine bu belgede teslim alma yeri (place of receipt) teslim etme yeri (place of delivery) haneleri görülür. Çünkü taşımanın özelliği itibariyle bu yerlerin liman olması gerekmez. Bu belgenin çift amaçlı kullanımı için "Combined #Transport Or Port To Port Shıpment Bill of Lading" (Birleşik Taşıma Ve Limandan Limana Taşıma Konşimentosu) formu da mevcuttur. Formda her iki taşıma türü için kullanılmak üzere yükleme limanı boşaltma limanı teslim alma yeri ve teslim etme yeri haneleri bulunur. Belge limandan limana taşımayı kapsıyorsa deniz konşimentosu niteliğinde olacağından gemi şirketince düzenleceği tabiidir. 8) Tanker Bill of #Lading - Tanker Konşimentosu Ham petrol sıvı yakıt ve kimyevi maddelerin taşımasında kullanılan tankerler için düzenlenen konşimentolardır. Dökme/sıvı yükün taşıması

The Commonwealth of Independent States (or CIS) is an intergovernmental organization made up of post-Soviet nations throughout #Eurasia. There are nine member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States. These CIS states are #Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, #Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, and #Uzbekistan. This organization promotes cooperation across the member states in #economics, military, and political aspects. The #organization also has some power over #trade, finance, security, and making laws. The nations also cooperate in preventing cross-border crime. The CIS, also known as the Russian Commonwealth, was first created in 1922 through the Treaty and Declaration of the #USSR's Creation. The signing of the Belavezha Accords in 1991 dissolved the #Soviet Union and replaced it with the CIS. The CIS oversees three different organizations: the Eurasian Economic Union, the Union State, and the Collective Security Treaty Organization. In 2012, eight of the nine members signed on to participate in the #CIS Free Trade Area. The entire region spans over 8 million square miles and a population of nearly 240 million people. Belarus, #Kazakhstan, #Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Russia, and Uzbekistan were the founding member states. #Turkmenistan is an associate member state. It signed the agreement to join the CIS in 1991 but has not ratified the charter. Though it was a #founding member, it has never been a full member and was designated as an associate member state in 2005.

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, or APEC, is the leading forum in the Asia-Pacific to facilitate trade and investment, economic growth, and #regional cooperation. APEC membership includes: Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; People's Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Republic of Korea; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; Peru; the Philippines; the Russian Federation; Singapore; Chinese Taipei; Thailand; the United States of America; Vietnam. Decisions made within APEC are reached by consensus and commitments are undertaken on a voluntary basis. APEC has contributed to the reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade in the region over time, leading to the expansion of economic growth and #international trade. Key to achieving APEC's vision are what are referred to as the “Bogor Goals,” APEC’s foundational goals of free and open trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific by 2010 for industrialized economies, and by 2020 for developing economies. These goals were adopted by Leaders at their 1994 meeting in Bogor, Indonesia. APEC Members #APEC has 21 members, referred to as "Member Economies", which account for approximately 38 percent of the world's population, 60 percent of the world's total GDP and 47 percent of the world's trade. APEC Member #Economies are Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; China; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Republic of Korea; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; Peru; The Republic of the Philippines; The Russian Federation; Singapore; Chinese Taipei; Thailand; the United States of America; and Viet Nam.

The Internal Revenue Service (#IRS) is the revenue service for the United #States federal government, which is responsible for collecting taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code, the main body of the federal statutory tax law. It is part of the Department of the Treasury and led by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who is appointed to a five-year term by the President of the #United States. The duties of the IRS include providing tax assistance to taxpayers; pursuing and resolving instances of erroneous or fraudulent tax filings; and overseeing various benefits programs, including the Affordable Care Act.[5] Internal Revenue #Service Building on Constitution Avenue in #Washington, D.C. IRS Building in Washington D.C. IRS location sign on Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. The IRS originates from the Commissioner of #Internal Revenue, a federal office created in 1862 to assess the nation's first income tax to fund the American Civil War. The temporary measure provided over a fifth of the Union's war expenses before being allowed to expire a decade later. In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified authorizing Congress to impose a tax on income, and the Bureau of Internal Revenue was established. In 1953, the agency was renamed the Internal #Revenue Service, and in subsequent decades underwent numerous reforms and reorganizations, most significantly in the 1990s. Since its establishment, the IRS has been responsible for collecting most of the revenue needed to fund the federal #government, albeit while facing periodic controversy and opposition over its methods, constitutionality, and the principle of #taxation generally. In recent years the agency has struggled with budget cuts and reduced morale.[6] As of 2018, it saw a 15 percent reduction in its workforce, including a decline of more than 25 percent of its enforcement staff.[7] Nevertheless, during the 2017 fiscal year, the agency processed more than 245 million tax returns.

Yeni ve mevcut şirketler için Federal Şirket Vergi Numarası (EIN) temin hizmeti EIN nedir? Şirket Vergi Kimlik Numarası (#Federal Tax ID) veya İşveren Kimlik Numarası (Employer Identification Number – EIN), işverenlere, şirketlere, serbest çalışanlara, ortaklıklara, şahsı adına iş yapanlara IRS tarafından verilen dokuz-haneli numaradır. (örnek, 12-3456789). Vergi beyanı ve raporlaması için kullanılır. Neden Şirket vergi numarasına (EIN) ihtiyacınız var? Kurumsal #banka hesabı açmak ve vergi beyanında bulunabilmek için EIN gereklidir. Aynı zamanda EIN kurumsal banka hesabı açılabilmesi için bankalar tarafından istenmektedir. İş yaptığınız diğer firmalar da sizden #EIN isteyebilir. **Mercury bank hesap açılışında sizden EIN numaranızı isteyecektir. IRS' den size gelen mektubu taranmış halini mutlaka saklayınız her yerde işinize daha sonra yarayacaktır. Ayrıca Paypal, Stripe, ve diğer ödeme sistemleri de talep edecektir.

Employer Identification Number (EIN) #Amerika şirketleri tarafından son zamanda en çok sorulan sorulardan birisi haline geldi. Özellikle post-incorporation sürecinin önemli bir aşaması olan 83 (b) dökümanlarını #Internal Revenue Service (IRS)’e gönderme noktasında bir zorunluluk olan EIN’e dair bilmeniz gerekenleri sizlere kısaca özetleyeceğim. EIN her Amerika şirketi için zorunlu olan bir numara. Amerika’daki #vergi işlerinin tamamından sorumlu olan IRS‘in bizi tanımasını sağlıyor. Genellikle 9 haneli olan bu kodu almanın birkaç yöntemi var. İlki kendiniz başvuru yapmak. IRS’in sitesinde bu kodu almak için gereken tüm bilgiler detaylıca anlatılıyor. Amerika’da enteresan bir şekilde tüm #devlet dairelerinin işlemleri anlatma rehberleri çok detaylı oluyor. İkinci yol Stripe Atlas.(Stripe Atlas’a dair detaylı bilgiyi yazımıza tıklayarak alabilirsiniz.) Halihazırda şirketinizi onun üzerinden kuruyorsanız, sunulan 500 $’lık paketin içeriğinde EIN mevcut. Üçüncü yol ise şirket kuruluşu işlemini yapan acentelerin paketleri içinde bu hizmeti almaktır. Son yol ise ara servisler kullanmak. Buralarda da 70-120 dolar arası bir bedel talep ediliyor. IRS’in işlemleri 10 gün gibi bir sürede yaptığının da altını çizmekte fayda var. Yoğunluğa bağlı olarak bu sürenin 10 günü geçtiğiyle de sıklıkta karşılaştık. Şirketinizin kurulduğu eyalet ve sizin başvuru yaptığınız yere bağlı olarak belgeleri göndermeniz gereken adresinin de değişebileceğinin altını çizelim. Fax ile #EIN numarasını beklerken mutlaka #şirket kuruluşunda belittiğiniz şirket adresine ait posta kutunuzu kontrol edin. Posta kutunuza IRS' den mektup daha önce de gelebilir. Ayrıca şirket vergi beyanınızda yine #IRS' den ITIN numarası yani USA vatandaşı olmayan kişilerin vergi beyanında kullanacağı şahsi vergi numarası olması da şarttır. #ITIN numarası EIN numarası almaya göre daha uzun sürede gerçekleşen bir işlemdir. Bu nedenle bu konu kapsamında ITIN numarasını ayrıca inceleyiniz.

Contract Law 101 A contract is an agreement between two parties that creates an obligation to perform (or not perform) a particular duty. A legally enforceable contract requires the following elements, all of which are discussed in more detail below. An Offer (I’ll mow your lawn this Saturday if you pay me $40) An Acceptance (You’ve got a deal) Mutual Consideration (the value received and given – the money and the lawn mowed) Legal Parties* Legal Purpose ** * A contract with a minor is not legally enforceable. Because of age and presumable lack of experience, the law considers a minor contractually incapable. ** An agreement to purchase marijuana, for example, is not a legal contract. Because the subject matter of the agreement is illegal, the contract is not enforceable and the parties have no legal remedies for breach. Does what you Name the Document Determine Whether it’s a Contract? The quick answer is no. As long as all the basic elements of a contract are present, then what you name it has no impact on determining whether it’s an enforceable contract. Whether you name a document a Letter of Agreement (LOA), or a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), or a Letter of Intent (LOI), or any other name, if it contains all the referenced elements, then it’s a contract. Mutual Assent: A "Meeting of the Minds" of Offer & Acceptance A legally recognized #offer and an acceptance create a "meeting of the minds", or mutual assent, between the parties. The law requires the parties to a #contract to demonstrate mutual assent to the contracts' terms. The Offer The Offer is the key element that defines the relevant issues in the contract. To be a legally valid offer, the offer must be effectively communicated so that the receiving party has the ability to accept or reject the offer. Whether or not the receiving party reads the contract has no bearing in determining the clarity of the offer. The offer must only provide the recipient with a clear opportunity to accept or reject the contract. Someone who signs a contract without reading it does so at his/her own risk. In addition, a valid offer must contain certain and definite terms. For the terms to be considered definite, a reasonable person must be capable of readily understanding the terms. For example, in determining whether the terms of a procurement contract are definite, courts will often review the clarity within four primary elements: the parties; the length of time for performance (term or service schedule) the price/value; and the subject matter or scope of services; Examples: A vendor offers to store #UTSA’s back-up data for $1000 a month, and UTSA accepts. Because of the ambiguity of the service terms, this #arrangement might not be considered an enforceable contract. Among other issues, the arrangement contains no #storage location, no description of the storage structure, no #information related to storage security, and no details on how the data would be transported to storage. Additionally, the arrangement fails to determine the length of time the data would be stored. Because the subject matter of this offer is subject to numerous interpretations, the arrangement might be deemed ambiguous and unenforceable. #Similarly, if two parties agree to the performance of a service for a price to be determined at a later date, an #enforceable contract may not exist. #Mutual assent typically cannot occur when the value is undetermined. Note that Procurement solicitations such as Bids or Request for Proposals are not considered offers. Among other issues, these solicitations are not communicated to any particular party and can be rescinded at any time. Generally speaking, Purchasing solicitations are considered merely #invitations to the public to make an offer. The Acceptance For acceptance of an offer to be valid, the acceptance must be #unequivocal and unqualified. In other words, the acceptance must conform to the exact terms of the offer. This is termed the "mirror image" rule. If the acceptance is conditional on another event or stipulation, it creates a counteroffer and the roles of the parties become reversed. The conditional #acceptance becomes a new offer. Note that an exception to the Mirror Image rule is found in the Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC") for contracts between merchants for the sale of goods (the UCC does not apply to services). Under the UCC (in Texas under the Tex. Bus. & Commerce Code), an acceptance with conditional terms will form a part of the contract unless the additional provisions materially change the #offer. Consideration: The Importance of the "Bargained Exchange" In order to be considered an enforceable contract, the parties to the contract must exchange something of value. If a buyer contracts for lawn service, for example, the buyer receives lawn mowing service, and the seller receives money. Consideration must be mutual. Both parties must give something of value and receive something of value. If only one party receives value from an arrangement, the arrangement is generally defined as a gift rather than an enforceable contract. The #consideration does not need to include money. For instance, an athletic apparel company may provide the Athletics Department with basketball shoes in exchange for the #exclusive rights to advertise its logo on sports uniforms. Although no money exchanged hands, this type of arrangement would represent #legitimate consideration to both parties. The market value of the consideration is, for the most part, irrelevant from a legal perspective. The law is concerned with whether the parties desired and assented to the contractual arrangement, not whether the exchange represented a fair market bargain. What Authority Defines a Contract? Most Business Contracts - Common Law (Court-made case law) Most business contracts are defined by common law -- a tradition-based but constantly evolving set of laws that derive primarily from past court decisions. Which state’s common law prevails can be determined by factors such as where the contract was performed or where it was executed. Typically, the parties will establish the #governing state law within the contract itself. Contracts for Goods - Uniform Commercial Code [Tex. Bus. & Comm. Code] Contracts for goods & products are typically defined by the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). The #UCC is a standardized collection of #guidelines governing the law of commerce, particularly with the sale of tangible goods and secured transactions. The UCC does not apply to service contracts. The UCC is a model act created by the American Law Institute and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform #State Laws. Every state has adopted some version of the UCC. Texas has adopted the UCC under the Texas Business and Commerce Code. Note that courts have generally reviewed software and related technology licenses under Common Law and not the UCC. Specific Statutes Many fields, such as utilities and real estate, have specific statutes that impact the contracting process. #Government entities, like UTSA, also must abide by various statutory requirements and limitations when entering into contracts. Some of these statutory requirements are explained on the Business Contracts Website under the page “Common Contract Terms Explained.”

#Contractual agreement is another term sometimes used in place of “contract.” Thus, a contractual agreement is a legally enforceable agreement entered into by two or more parties to do, or refrain from doing, one or more things specified in the contract. To be enforceable, legal consideration must exist; the parties must have legal capacity to contract; all parties must assent to the #contract; and the subject matter of the contract must be #legal. We often hear people use the following terms interchangeably: “contract;” “agreement;” and “contractual #agreement.” While one’s choice to use either the term “contract” or “contractual agreement” does not have legal #significance, there can be legal significance to use of the term “agreement.” The important distinction is that “contracts” meet all the requisites necessary to be #legally enforceable. “Agreements,” on the other hand, lack one or more of the formalities required to constitute a contract, and therefore are not legally enforceable. We certainly don’t mean to suggest that agreements are unimportant or irrelevant. People, both in their #personal lives and in the business world, make agreements, which are not #binding contracts, every day. Many such people are trustworthy, have good intentions, and follow through on such agreements. After all, having trust among partners is crucial to a good #business relationship. However, the problem arises if the parties disagree on the requirements of the #unenforceable agreement, or if one party simply elects not to perform. At that point, the other party has no legal contract upon which to rely.

A contract can be anything from a formal written document to a verbal promise. Learn about written, verbal, standard form and period contracts, and things to be aware of before you make an agreement. A contract can be anything from a formal written document to a simple handshake deal to do a job (where the only thing in writing is a quote on the back of an envelope). Whatever its form, if you agree to provide a service to a hirer for money, you have entered into a contract. You’re promising to do a job for the hirer and the hirer is promising to pay you for it. The agreement may be enforced in court. Written contracts Written contracts provide more certainty for both parties than verbal contracts. They clearly set out the details of what was agreed. Matters that can be set out in a contract include: materials timeframes payments a procedure to follow in the event of a dispute. It’s much safer to have something in writing than to rely on someone's word. A written contract will give you more certainty and minimise your business risks by making the agreement clear from the outset. Benefits of a written contract A written contract can: provide proof of what was agreed between you and the hirer help prevent misunderstandings or disputes by making the agreement clear from the outset give you security and peace of mind by knowing you have work, for how long and what you will be paid clarify your status as an contractor- external site by stating that the contract is a 'services contract' and not an 'employment contract' — this will not override a 'sham' contract, but a court will take the statement into account if there is any uncertainty about the nature of the relationship reduce the risk of a dispute by detailing payments, time frames and work to be performed under the contract set out how a dispute over payments or services provided will be resolved set out how the contract can be varied serve as a record of what was agreed specify how either party can end the contract before the work is completed. Risks of not having a written contract When a contract is not in writing, you are exposing yourself and your business to a number of risks including the risk that: you or the hirer misunderstood an important part of the agreement, such as how much was to be paid for the job or what work was to be carried out you will have a dispute with the hirer over what was agreed because you are both relying on memory a court will not enforce the contract because you may not be able to prove the existence of the contract or its terms. Get advice before you sign Before you sign a contract, it is a good idea to seek advice from your industry association, lawyer, business adviser or union. When a written contract is essential It's always better to have your contract in writing, no matter how small the job is. Any contract with a hirer that involves a significant risk to your business should always be carefully considered and put in writing. This is advisable even if it means delaying the start of the work. A written contract is essential: when the contract price is large enough to make or break your business if you don't get paid where there are quality requirements, specifications or specific materials that must be used where there is some doubt that the hirer has enough money to pay you when you must have certain types of insurance for the type of work you are doing where the contract contains essential terms, such as a critical date for the completion of the work before payment can be made where you or the hirer need to keep certain information confidential when it is required by your insurance company for professional indemnity purposes where there is a legal obligation to have a written contract (eg. trade contracts for building work in Queensland). Verbal contracts Many contracting arrangements use verbal contracts, which only work well if there are no disputes. A handshake agreement may still be a contract and may (though often with difficulty) be enforced by a court. However, verbal contracts can lead to uncertainty about each party's rights and obligations. A dispute may arise if you have nothing in writing explaining what you both agreed to do. Part verbal, part written contracts Some agreements may be only partly verbal. For example, there may be supporting paperwork such as a quote or a list of specifications that also forms part of the contract. At the very least, you should write down the main points that you agreed with the hirer to avoid relying on memory. Keep any paperwork associated with the contract. The paperwork can be used later in discussions with the hirer to try to resolve a problem. If the dispute becomes serious, it may be used as evidence in court. The most important thing is that each party clearly understands what work will be done, when it will be completed and how much will be paid for the work. Examples of paperwork that may support a verbal contract: emails quotes with relevant details lists of specifications and materials notes about your discussion — for example, the basics of your contract written on the back of an envelope (whether signed by both of you or not). If the contract is only partly written or the terms of the work are set out in a number of separate documents (email, quote etc.), it is to your benefit to make sure that any formal agreement you’re being asked to sign refers to or incorporates those documents. At the very least, make sure the contract doesn’t suggest that the formal document is the entire agreement. Standard form contracts A standard form contract is a pre-prepared contract where: most of the terms are set in advance little or no negotiation between the parties occurs. Often, these are printed with a few blank spaces for filling in information such as names, dates and signatures. Standard form contracts often include a lot of legal 'fine print' and terms that you may not understand. They tend to be one-sided documents that mostly benefit the person who prepared the contract (for example, by shifting as much risk as possible to the contractor). If you don't understand the fine print or any other part of the contract, you should get advice. If you sign the contract, you will be required to comply with the fine print, even if you didn't actually read it. Tips for standard form contracts Read every word before you sign Read the fine print carefully and get advice about any terms you don't understand before you sign. Once you sign a contract you are bound by all of its terms. If there is an indemnity clause, don't sign until you understand the risks you’re agreeing to if something goes wrong. Cross out any blank spaces Don't leave any spaces blank. If you don't need to fill in a blank space, always cross it out so the contract can't be changed after you sign it. Negotiate You have the right to negotiate any contract before signing, including a standard form contract. But remember that both parties must agree to any changes and record them in the contract you sign. Your union, industry association or a lawyer can help you prepare for negotiations. Keep a copy You should always have a copy of any contract you sign. It’s best if you and the hirer sign 2 copies of the contract, so that you can both keep an original. If this isn't possible, ask for a photocopy and check that it is an exact copy. Remember to keep your copy somewhere safe for future reference. Get advice A lawyer, your union or industry association might be able to provide you with information about some common standard terms used in contracts in your industry. They may also be able to provide you with a standard form contract for you to use. Period contracts Some independent contractors and hirers use a 'period contract'. This is a contract template that sets out the terms for a business relationship where the contractor is engaged to work from time to time. In the building and construction industry, these contracts are called 'period trade contracts'. The contract template applies each time the hirer offers work to the contractor and the contractor accepts it. This can occur when either the: contractor provides a quote and receives a work order from the hirer parties sign an addendum (an addition to the contract) that sets out the specific work to be done or the final outcome. Once the work starts, the contract template and the work order or addendum will form the total contract for the specific work. Check the terms each time Period contracts can work well for both parties. They allow the flexibility to do intermittent work over an agreed period. However, you should check the terms of the agreement for each new job. Are they the same as those set out in the original contract template? Any term or condition that is different for a particular job, may change the terms of the original contract template. If you are unsure about anything related to a period contract, get advice before you sign or agree to new work, even if you have performed work for that hirer previously.